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In large cities, such as Kaifeng and Hangzhou, food catering establishments catered to merchants who travelled between cities. Another states that superintendents of storehouses may give surpluses of bran and flour to "those who prepare cooked rice, and rice-cakes", while a regulation involving city superintendents references "sellers of cooked flesh and cooked rice." Įarly eating establishments recognizable as restaurants in the modern sense emerged in Song dynasty China during the 11th and 12th centuries. One regulation states that "those who trade in cooked rice, liquor, and flesh" are to live in the south of the city.
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The Arthashastra references establishments where prepared food was sold in ancient India. However, there were no menus or options to choose from. Meals were typically served at a common table to guests. Throughout the ancient world, inns were set up alongside roads to cater to people traveling between cities, offering lodging and food. Īnother early forerunner of the restaurant was the inn. While some were confined to one standing room only, others had tables and stools and a few even had couches. The popinae were known as places for the plebeians of the lower classes of Roman society to socialize. The Romans also had the popina, a wine bar which in addition to a variety of wines offered a limited selection of simple foods such as olives, bread, cheese, stews, sausage, and porridge. They were concentrated along the main axis of the town and the public spaces where they were frequented by the locals. In Pompeii, 158 thermopolia with service counters have been identified throughout the town. In the Roman Empire they were popular among residents of insulae. They were most often frequented by people who lacked private kitchens. These establishments were somewhat comparable to modern fast food restaurants.
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Ī forerunner of the modern restaurant is the thermopolium, an establishment in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome that sold and served ready-to-eat food and beverages. It served only one dish, a plate of cereal, wild fowl, and onions. Service counter of a thermopolium in PompeiiĪ public eating establishment similar to a restaurant is mentioned in a 512 BC record from Ancient Egypt.